Discovering Computers 2012 Test Bank.rar
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Computers are nothing without the people that use them, the common user and the professional. The common user is anyone that uses the computer for general purposes. This includes checking emails, playing computer games, typing up a paper, and the list goes on. What distinguishes a common user from a professional is that a professional works in the field of computer information technology. Examples of professions in this field are a computer programmer, web designer, network administrator, and software engineer. These are but a few of the many jobs involved in the field of computer information technology. These are the people that design the hardware to build computers, they keep business networks secure, they program software to communicate effectively with the user and hardware, and develop the latest and greatest software for the common user to enjoy.
An embedded computer is a mini computer with a specific function within a product that completes detailed tasks or jobs for that product. Often times, individuals do not realize how many objects have embedded computers enclosed in them. Some examples of embedded computers used in households include, remote controls, heating pads, digital clocks, washing machines, and microwaves. Others include Bluetooth capabilities in cars, camera traffic lights, and Red Box machines. Surprisingly, a pregnancy test is also considered a simple, yet complicated embedded computer.[2] Embedded computers are developed to do one particular duty, and therefore a regular computer cannot act as an embedded computer.
[1] By 1965 the first wide-area network connection is established by Larry Roberts and Thomas Marill. Over the next four years, the Network Working Group works diligently, creating a router, a modem, and even experimenting with monitors. On October 29, 1969 the first host-to-host connection was made! Then, over 3 years, memory, speed, processing, and communication capabilities are tested and refined and protocols are made. By 1973, 30 institutions are connected to the network called ARPANET.[2] In 1977 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak announced the Apple II computer, opening the consumer and small business market for computers. This led to the creation of more modems for dial up services. A computer science research network called USENET sets up a server where newsgroups can post to, in 1979. A year later an email only service opens. Less than a decade later, 30,000 networks are on the internet due to the advances with computers, including the new Macintosh computer and the use of Ethernet. [3] Within 2 years the number of hosts jumps to over 160,000! By 1991 over 600,000 hosts are connected in over 100 countries! [4] In just 30 years the hypothetical concept J.C.R. Licklider once toyed with has become a part of everyday life! A lot of experimenting and funding went into the creation of this remarkable \"cyberspace.\"
Lastly, societies throughout the world compete with one another for the latest technology, pitting countries against each other, While competition can be a good thing, tension and competition. computer use influences our society is that there dominant culture crisis that the cultures, globally, compete with one another for the latest technology enhancements which create a stronger ethnocentrism to the countries. As computers become more accessible and create new ways to be more effective, these disadvantages increase and/or new ones are created.[3]
Bajaj et al. proposed a technique for feature selection using a combination of feature selection algorithms such as Information Gain (IG) and Correlation Attribute evaluation. They tested the performance of the selected features by applying different classification algorithms such as C4.5, naïve Bayes, NB-Tree and Multi-Layer Perceptron (Khraisat et al., 2018; Bajaj & Arora, 2013). A genetic-fuzzy rule mining method has been used to evaluate the importance of IDS features (Elhag et al., 2015). Thaseen et al. proposed NIDS by using Random Tree model to improve the accuracy and reduce the false alarm rate (Thaseen & Kumar, 2013). Subramanian et al. proposed classifying NSL-KDD dataset using decision tree algorithms to construct a model with respect to their metric data and studying the performance of decision tree algorithms (Subramanian et al., 2012).
These datasets were collected using multiple computers connected to the Internet to model a small US Air Force base of restricted personnel. Network packets and host log files were collected. Lincoln Labs built an experimental testbed to obtain 2 months of TCP packets dump for a Local Area Network (LAN), modelling a usual US Air Force LAN. They modelled the LAN as if it were a true Air Force environment, but interlaced it with several simulated intrusions.
In this dataset, real network traffic traces were analyzed to identify normal behaviour for computers from real traffic of HTTP, SMTP, SSH, IMAP, POP3, and FTP protocols (Shiravi et al., 2012). This dataset is based on realistic network traffic, which is labeled and contains diverse attacks scenarios.
This report was prepared by the National Institute of Justice Electronic Crime Technology Center of Excellence and presents the results of an evaluation of new forensic tool for use in the seizure of computers. This tool, the USB Live Acquisition and Triage Tool (US-LATT), is designed to capture data on a running computer that could be lost if the power source to the computer is pulled at the time the computer is seized by authorities. Information is presented in this report on what US-LATT is, the functions it performs, and how it can be used. US-LATT is a forensic tool with two components - a hardware component and a system-analysis component, that is used for conducting live investigation and triage of computer data and computers that may be compromised as a result of power disruptions when the computers are seized by authorities. This report includes information on system requirements for using US-LATT, target system requirements and suggestions, and US-LATT configuration applications. Additional information is included on which computer platforms were used for test-bed configurations in this evaluation. The final section of the report contains the results of the evaluation of the tool on three different computers: a shop-built computer, a Dell laptop, and a Samsung laptop. The evaluation of US-LATT indicates that it is a powerful tool for use by investigators who wish to gain access to computer files and data that would not have been available if the computer had been simply shut down at the time of seizure. Tables, figures 1e1e36bf2d